Addiction research and treatment - Ignoring the two categorization systems used by some metrics, 31 journals appeared in at least one metric top 20 and 11 in all eight. The top rank in each was occupied by one of three journals. Three-quarters of the correlations between rankings were above 6.0. The number of journals with an Impact Factor rose from 23 in 1997 to 38 in 2020, …

 
Efficient, organized assessment of substance use disorders is essential for clinical research, treatment planning, and referral to adjunctive services. In this article, we discuss the basic concepts of formalized assessment for substance abuse and addiction, as established by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th .... Uta bursarpercent27s office

Addiction Research. Discover the latest in addiction research, from the neuroscience of substance use disorders to evidence-based treatment practices. Reports, updates, case studies and white papers are available to you at Hazelden Betty Ford’s Butler Center for Research. Central Information Line 410-550-6911 Patient Care LocationsGlassdoor gives you an inside look at what it's like to work at Humanistic Alternatives to Addiction Research and Treatment, including salaries, reviews, office photos, and more. This is the Humanistic Alternatives to Addiction Research and Treatment company profile. All content is posted anonymously by employees working at Humanistic ...These research questions will be answered using bibliometric analysis of the literature on social media addiction and problematic use. This will allow for an overview of the research that has been conducted in this area, including information on the most influential authors, journals, countries of publication, and subject areas of study.Journal of Addiction Research & Treatment (JART) is an interdisciplinary, open access journal which provides original research on the vital issues including the latest research, treatments, and public policy issues in addiction research & therapy.JART creates a platform to share their knowledge and insights on the most important research and …Company Description: Organized to address the unique problems of hard-core inner city substance users (minority addicts) and has provided prevention and interventions to every person that has crossed a clinical threshold. A not-for-profit organization which is certified by the New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuses (OASAS) and an Article …See full list on nida.nih.gov But research has borne out the conclusion of a 1990 Institute of Medicine report ... These and other studies show that people who are mandated to undergo addiction treatment …The U-M Addiction Center conducts clinical and basic research that examines the biological underpinnings of substance use and substance use disorders. The U-M Addiction Center also studies the social and contextual factors that contribute to development, prevention, early intervention, treatment and the recovery of substance use disorders. Core tip: Internet addiction has appeared as new mental health concern. To date, reviews have focused on clinical and treatment studies of Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder, limiting the analysis to a specific diagnosis of a potential disorder that has not yet been officially recognised, rather than a comprehensive investigation of …The guideline "Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders" forms the basis of this care for people suffering from alcohol use disorders. Regular updates integrate the current state of research evidence and clinical expertise. Methods: Under the auspices of the German Society for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, and ... Addiction is different for every single person experiencing it. Factors like co-occurring mental illnesses, trauma, and the severity of substance use mean that each patient requires a tailored treatment plan. To further this goal, professionals utilize a variety of evidence-based approaches when treating drug and alcohol addiction. This non-exhaustive list …Research Studies. Protocol. Number. Status. Trajectories of Secondary Outcomes in CTN Trials. CTN-0149. Development. Cocaine Craving and Use Outcomes Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Study to Test the Safety and Effectiveness of Buprenorphine in the Presence of Naltrexone for the Treatment of Cocaine Dependence. CTN-0148.What We Do:The Services Research Branch (SRB) supports rigorous research to improve population health by maximizing the efficient delivery of high-quality, personalized addiction treatment and related services. SRB seeks advance science to inform the design and implementation of stigma-free patient-centered systems of care so …Addiction Research and Treatment Services (ARTS) is the clinical program of the Division of Addiction Science, Prevention, and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry at the University of Colorado, School of Medicine. ARTS was developed in 1972 in response to burgeoning prevalence rates of alcohol and drug abuse and addiction among the …Lastly, major contributions to the field of addictions regarding research on hard-to-reach and marginalized populations, evaluating treatment and intervention services, measuring risk behaviors, investigating barriers to treatment programs, conceptualizing motivational and emotional components of addiction, and aiding in the formation of ...Basic research is the foundation for future advancements in addiction prevention and treatment. A sustained focus in this area will help researchers define the pathways from gene variation to molecular profile, …Oct 16, 2019 · Advances in understanding addiction treatment and recovery. This Special Collection on Addiction focuses on scientific advances in the treatment and recovery mechanisms of addiction related to four widely misused substances: alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and opioids. Although the opioid crisis has taken center stage across public policy and ... Nov 17, 2018 · Second, it aimed to bring together researchers to study addiction in its Addiction Research Center, and to find a cure. “Narco”, as it was commonly known, was a noble idea, designed to support men and women convicted of drug-related offences alongside those who made a voluntary decision to commit to treatment. Addiction Research and Treatment Services (ARTS) is the clinical program of the Division of Addiction Science, Prevention, and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry at the University of Colorado, School of Medicine. ARTS has provided residential and outpatient empirically supported substance abuse treatment services in Colorado for over 50 years ... The brain: Addiction leads to changes in the brain's reward circuits over time.; Family history: You may be more likely to become addicted if you have family members who also have addictions.; Genetics: Research suggests that genetics increases the likelihood of developing an addiction; Environment: Exposure to addictive …The Government of Canada’s 2017 $5 billion investment to support increased access to mental health services 1 underlines the importance being placed on the implementation of evidence-based, cost-effective solutions. Federal funding commitments and published governmental priorities for Mental Health and Addiction (MHA) services offer …Sep 30, 2019 · Addiction and recovery from addiction are described by synthesising fifty-two qualitative studies from thirty-two years of research. Based on the lived experience of individuals this approach ... Jan 28, 2016 · Research guided by the brain disease model of addiction has led to the development of more effective methods of prevention and treatment and to more informed public health policies. Previous research has shown that pregnant women are less likely to receive an appointment to an addiction treatment center; have difficulties obtaining child care at …Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person’s brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Symptoms can be moderate to severe, with addiction being the most severe form of SUD. People with a SUD may also have other ... From a methodological perspective, we included only those clinical trials, treatment matching, or health services studies where the patients were alcohol or drug dependent by contemporary criteria (e.g., DSM); where the treatment provided was a conventional form of rehabilitation (any setting or modality); and where there were measures of ... Addiction is different for every single person experiencing it. Factors like co-occurring mental illnesses, trauma, and the severity of substance use mean that each patient requires a tailored treatment plan. To further this goal, professionals utilize a variety of evidence-based approaches when treating drug and alcohol addiction. This non-exhaustive list …Cannabis often precedes or is used along with other substances, such as alcohol or illegal drugs, and is often the first drug tried. Signs and symptoms of recent use can include: A sense of euphoria or feeling "high". A heightened sense of visual, auditory and taste perception. Increased blood pressure and heart rate.Unfortunately, less than 42% of the individuals who enter treatment for drug and alcohol use complete it. 9. Individual success in treatment depends on several factors, including: 10. The frequency, duration, and type of drug used. Criminal behaviors. Family and social environments.The University of Washington is a world leader in addiction research ranging in scope from molecular pharmacology, to prevention, treatment strategies, impacts on individuals and communities, to social policy. Sponsored research from NIH and other funders brings in tens of millions of dollars annually to support the work of collaborative ...Jan 29, 2020 · Most research into addiction suggests that it activates regions in the brain associated with motivation and reward. Specifically, addiction alters the body’s dopamine system. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was studied from the 1950s to the 1970s to evaluate behavioral and personality changes, as well as remission of psychiatric symptoms in various disorders. LSD was used in the treatment of anxiety, depression, psychosomatic diseases and addiction. However, most of the studies were not performed under …The Division of Addiction Research and Treatment is nationally recognized for its pioneering work in driving evidence-based approaches to Opioid Use Disorders (OUD) treatment developed over several decades. This effort is evident on several fronts and includes both innovative clinical treatment approaches and education for medical …The first treatment program specifically designed for Internet addiction treatment is the Kimberly Young’s Center for Internet Addiction Recovery established in 1995. ... BMC Public Health, the Journal of Addiction Medicine, Archives of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Addiction Research and Theory, and PLoS ONE, publish Internet ...Medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) is effective and improves mortality, treatment retention, and remission, but most people with OUD remain untreated. 10-15 Many parts of the United States lack …Study sample. Table 1 summarizes demographic, drug use, and treatment history characteristics of the study sample. At the time of enrollment in the study, the drugs most commonly cited as the most problematic were heroin (n = 14), and prescription analgesic opioids (n = 10), mostly oxycodone.Subjects were heavy, and relatively …The Addiction Psychiatry Fellowship at the University of Colorado is among the oldest accredited addiction psychiatry fellowships in the country. The training program is part of the Division of Substance Dependence, which is a large department that has a strong international reputation for clinical work and research. Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment. The Cofrin Logan Center serves as a hub for research, training, education, and outreach. We seek to understand, prevent, and treat addiction and related disorders, promote health and improved quality of life, and reduce stigma. Bay Area Addiction Research and Treatment (BAART) Programs filed a federal lawsuit against the city last August accusing it of discriminating against people seeking methadone treatment by denying a permit for the clinic, which proposed to provide outpatient substance abuse treatment, including methadone and other medications, as …principles of effective drug addiction treatment, answers to frequently asked questions, an overview of the drug addiction treatment landscape in the United States, and an outline of evidence-based treatment approaches. For the latest information on treatment research visit NIDA’s Treatment web page. Publication Date: January 2014 Addiction treatment can be difficult, but it is often effective. ... Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions ...Research shows 75% of people with addiction survive and go on to live full lives, especially if they get good treatment. ... Recovery experts say one reason is the fact that addiction is agonizing ...With more than 500 attendees from the nursing, social work, behavioral health, psychiatry, medicine, pharmacy, research and policy among others, the conference provided a platform to address challenges and new horizons in substance and addiction prevention, treatment and research, as well as opportunities for collegial discussion and …Basic research is the foundation for future advancements in addiction prevention and treatment. A sustained focus in this area will help researchers define the pathways from gene variation to molecular profile, …Jun 30, 2022 · Substance Use Disorder in the U.S. 11.7% of Americans 12 and over use illegal drugs. 53 million or 19.4% of people 12 and over have used illegal drugs or misused prescription drugs within the last year. If alcohol and tobacco are included, 165 million, or 60.2% of Americans ages 12 years or older currently abuse drugs. Substance use disorder is a mental health disorder in which a person continually uses drugs or alcohol even though it is causing physical, psychological, and/or personal harm. Symptoms can be physical, …addiction, and may therefore be more effective in generating successful treatment outcomes than previous models. Introduction to Addiction Medical, psychological, and social understandings of addiction have evolved rapidly over the past century, and contemporary addiction research and treatment is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary. Addiction is a chronic but treatable medical condition. Often unintentionally, many people still talk about addiction in ways that are stigmatizing—meaning they use words that can portray someone with a substance use disorder (SUD) in a shameful or negative way and may prevent them from seeking treatment. 9 With simple changes in …Third, research is needed to evaluate whether residential or inpatient treatment is superior to outpatient treatment for initiating MOUD. This question is important to evaluate the optimal allocation of resources for the treatment of OUD. ... Increasing the number of addiction treatment and prevention programs, particularly in low-resource ...Abstract. Research on the neural substrates of drug reward, withdrawal and relapse has yet to be translated into significant advances in the treatment of addiction. One potential reason is that this research has not captured a common feature of human addiction: progressive social exclusion and marginalization.Abstract. Continuing care is widely believed to be an important component of effective treatment for substance use disorder, particularly for those individuals with greater problem severity. The purpose of this review was to examine the research literature on continuing care for alcohol and drug use disorders, including studies that addressed ...He is the former Associate Director for Clinical and Translational Research at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Dr. Moss is a board-certified addiction and general psychiatrist. For the past 30 years, Dr. Moss has been a key opinion leader in addiction psychiatry ... The view that substance addiction is a brain disease, although widely accepted in the neuroscience community, has become subject to acerbic criticism in …For the first time, some states recently sought approval from the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to allow Medicaid, the health insurance …Bay Area Addiction Research and Treatment General Contact Info baartprograms.com (650) 324-1470 voice Physical Address 795 Willow Road Bldg 332 Menlo Park, CA 94025 ... BAART Programs is a multi-service organization, and brand of BayMark Health Services, providing opioid addiction treatment and rehabilitation for patients across the country.National drug use surveys indicate some children are using drugs by age 12 or 13. Prevention is the best strategy. These prevention programs work to boost protective factors and eliminate or reduce risk factors for drug use. The programs are designed for various ages and can be used in individual or group settings, such as the school and home. LAWRENCE — The Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment at the University of Kansas will welcome the public to celebrate the center’s first year of community programs, new research initiatives, and expanded staff and facilities during an open house reception from 3 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. Friday, Sept. 13.An outpatient research clinic that is part of a broad-based research program conducting human laboratory and clinical treatment research. Center for Addiction and Pregnancy An outpatient program with an overnight stay service providing a comprehensive, coordinated, and multidisciplinary approach to drug-dependent pregnant women (including post ...Addiction is a chronic but treatable medical condition. Often unintentionally, many people still talk about addiction in ways that are stigmatizing—meaning they use words that can portray someone with a substance use disorder (SUD) in a shameful or negative way and may prevent them from seeking treatment. 9 With simple changes in …Reduced drug use is a meaningful treatment outcome for people with stimulant use disorders. NIH-supported findings suggest the need to expand definitions of addiction treatment success beyond abstinence. …Journal of Addiction Research & Treatment (JART) is an interdisciplinary, open access journal which provides original research on the vital issues including the latest research, …Substance Use Disorder in the U.S. 11.7% of Americans 12 and over use illegal drugs. 53 million or 19.4% of people 12 and over have used illegal drugs or misused prescription drugs within the last year. If alcohol and tobacco are included, 165 million, or 60.2% of Americans ages 12 years or older currently abuse drugs.The Division of Addiction Science, Prevention, and Treatment is the largest research-focused Division in the Department of Psychiatry with 9 research faculty with 15 federally-funded grant awards among them including the NIDA-funded Rocky Mountain Cannabis Research Center (RM-CRC) The Division also provides an unparalleled addiction research training and mentorship environment for medical ... Glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it's like to work at Humanistic Alternatives to Addiction Research and Treatment, including salaries, reviews, office photos, and more. This is the Humanistic Alternatives to Addiction Research and Treatment company profile. All content is posted anonymously by employees working at Humanistic ...Angi Wold is the Director of Operations for Addiction Research and Treatment Services (ARTS). She has over 18 years of experience in the mental health/substance abuse field. Angi began her career at ARTS in 1999. She worked at Synergy Outpatient Services, the adolescent outpatient component of ARTS. There she worked as a Research …Cannabis may work well as a treatment for pain or other health issues. However, according to a study published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol …Jun 1, 2013 · Breaking free from addiction. Researchers have developed effective behavioral and pharmaceutical therapies to treat addiction — but addiction treatment practice hasn't caught up with the science. What can psychologists do to help? By Lea Winerman. Monitor Staff June 2013, Vol 44, No. 6. Print version: page 30. 10 min read Jun 21, 2021 · This paper reviews methodologically rigorous studies examining group treatments for interview-diagnosed drug use disorders. A total of 50 studies reporting on the efficacy of group drug use disorder treatments for adults met inclusion criteria. Studies examining group treatment for cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, opioid, mixed substance ... Sep 25, 2019 · The alcohol and addiction research domain criteria (AARDoC) , which have been operationalized in the addictions neuroclinical assessment , focus on the following three domains that correspond to particular phases in the addiction cycle: incentive salience in the binge/intoxication phase, negative emotionality in the withdrawal/negative affect ... Description. Research increasingly suggests that addiction has a genetic and neurobiological basis, but efforts to translate research into effective clinical treatments and social policy needs to be informed by careful ethical analyses of the personal and social implications. Scientists and policy makers alike must consider possible unintended ...Despite considerable advances in both pharmacological and behavioral treatment modalities, there is a worldwide deficit in the availability of professional treatment for SUDs. There is also a need for developing improved approaches for clinicians Citation 8 , Citation 9 to promote addiction recovery tailored to the diversity of respective ...Efficient, organized assessment of substance use disorders is essential for clinical research, treatment planning, and referral to adjunctive services. In this article, we discuss the basic concepts of formalized assessment for substance abuse and addiction, as established by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ...The German Society for Research and Treatment in Addiction (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Suchtforschung und Suchttherapie DG-Sucht) was founded in Berlin in 1978. There had been earlier societies in the field, such as the Association of Abstinent Doctors in German-Speaking Countries (Verein Abstinenter Ärzte des Deutschen …Ayahuasca-Assisted Therapy for Addiction: Current Status and Future Prospects. This paper reviews the evidence of ayahuasca's potential as a treatment for substance use disorders, based on clinical trials, observational studies, and qualitative reports. It also discusses the challenges and risks of using this powerful psychedelic brew in therapeutic …To expand and improve substance use disorder treatment and training within the Department of Psychiatry and Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) To increase national training initiatives to encourage implementation of evidence-based treatments. To promote research in social determinants of health associated with addiction ... Moreover, treatments developed for addictive disorders have also shown some efficacy for the treatment of obesity and overeating. These findings highlight how a model of food addiction may help us to understand elements of overweight/obesity beyond a simple lack of willpower and can also be used to inform effective interventions and …The University of Washington is a world leader in addiction research ranging in scope from molecular pharmacology, to prevention, treatment strategies, impacts on individuals and communities, to social policy. Sponsored research from NIH and other funders brings in tens of millions of dollars annually to support the work of collaborative ...Reduced drug use is a meaningful treatment outcome for people with stimulant use disorders. NIH-supported findings suggest the need to expand definitions of addiction treatment success beyond abstinence. …Jun 1, 2013 · Breaking free from addiction. Researchers have developed effective behavioral and pharmaceutical therapies to treat addiction — but addiction treatment practice hasn't caught up with the science. What can psychologists do to help? By Lea Winerman. Monitor Staff June 2013, Vol 44, No. 6. Print version: page 30. 10 min read Contact. (212) 543-2782. 500 West 180th street. New York NY, 10033. Book an appointment today with Addiction Research and Treatment Corporation located in New York City, NY. See facility photos, get a price quote and read verified patient reviews.PMC8357831 is a research article that reviews the current evidence and challenges of treating addiction as a brain disease. It discusses the neurobiological mechanisms, the clinical implications, and the ethical and social issues of this approach. The article also proposes some directions for future research and policy on addiction.Apr 5, 2016 · Acupuncture has been used to treat addiction for three decades [ 2 – 89 ]. For example, auricular acupuncture (AA) is effective in treating alcohol and drug abuse in both Europe and the United States [ 4 ]. However, several clinical trials have indicated that acupuncture was not effective in treating addiction [ 2, 3, 31, 67, 69, 78 – 80 ]. If you or someone you know is living with opioid addiction in Carwright or the surrounding area, BAART Programs is here to help. We offer outpatient treatments for substance use disorder to fentanyl, heroin, and prescription opioid pain medications. Our main goal is to help individuals in their path to recovery and wellness.

Description. Research increasingly suggests that addiction has a genetic and neurobiological basis, but efforts to translate research into effective clinical treatments and social policy needs to be informed by careful ethical analyses of the personal and social implications. Scientists and policy makers alike must consider possible unintended .... What is tupac shakurpercent27s real name

addiction research and treatment

Studies on overcoming addiction have generally been conducted within treatment samples. Still, it is estimated that a majority of persons with alcohol and drug problems, including heroin, overcome their addiction without formal treatment (Heyman Citation 2013; Klingemann, Sobell, and Sobell Citation 2009).Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is a type of behavioral addiction that involves compulsive Internet use. People with an Internet addiction may have underlying mental health or substance use issues that may require specialized addiction treatment. According to the Pew Research Center, 93 percent of adults in the United States use the …At the leading edge of breakthrough mental health and addiction research for over 50 years. BrainBuzz Newsletter. The latest news, groundbreaking discoveries and special features about CAMH research, studies, and the people behind the work. ... feeling hungover, being late for work) to severe (e.g., homelessness, disease). Treatment …Jun 6, 2018 · Research shows that combining addiction treatment medicines with behavioral therapy ensures the best chance of success for most patients. Treatment approaches tailored to each patient’s drug use patterns and any co-occurring medical, mental, and social problems can lead to continued recovery. We find that 73% of addiction treatment programs in the USA include a spirituality-based element, as embodied in the 12-step programs and fellowships initially popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous, the vast majority of which emphasize reliance on God or a Higher Power to stay sober. ... Principles of drug addiction treatment: A …5. A large body of research has clarified the biological, psychological, and social underpinnings of substance misuse and related disorders and described effective prevention, treatment, and recovery support services. Future research is needed to guide the new public health approach to substance misuse and substance use disordersThe Division of Addiction Research and Treatment has established collaborations with addiction treatment programs in Caroline, Garrett, and Washington Counties. This has allowed medication assisted therapy (MAT) to be provided via videoconferencing to patients with opioid use disorders in these under-served communities. Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is a type of behavioral addiction that involves compulsive Internet use. People with an Internet addiction may have underlying mental health or substance use issues that may require specialized addiction treatment. According to the Pew Research Center, 93 percent of adults in the United States use the …Description. Research increasingly suggests that addiction has a genetic and neurobiological basis, but efforts to translate research into effective clinical treatments and social policy needs to be informed by careful ethical analyses of the personal and social implications. Scientists and policy makers alike must consider possible unintended ...Designed to be representative of all adults 18 years and older experiencing homelessness in California, CASPEH includes nearly 3,200 administered questionnaires and 365 in …Jun 2, 2008 · Issue 7. Addiction-related prevention, research, and treatment have remained important areas of concentration in the field of psychiatry. The nation's leading causes of death are related to alcohol and drug use, tobacco smoke exposure, and behavioral addictions. Each year, more than 400,000 Americans die as a result of smoking, overeating ... Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person’s brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Symptoms …A range of research methods were observed in the 33 unique studies of smartphone technologies in addiction research and treatment and it was encouraging to find the most common being randomised controlled trials, the ‘gold standard’ research method. Yet, despite some in-depth, potentially identifiable information being collected …Now, researchers at the Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment at the University of Kansas Life Span Institute have published their experience making SMART Recovery groups available via computer and telephone to the community in Douglas County. Their paper appears this month in the peer-reviewed Journal of …Addiction research on self-regulation is limited, but it has been shown to effectively treat anxiety, cravings, psychopathology, and lead to a reduction in addiction behaviors [33, 35, 36]. Those using self-regulation after drug cue exposure or during treatment were more likely to successfully complete addiction treatment [37, 38].Now, researchers at the Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment at the University of Kansas Life Span Institute have published their experience making SMART Recovery groups available via computer and telephone to the community in Douglas County. Their paper appears this month in the peer-reviewed Journal of …Those views shaped society’s responses to drug use, treating it as a moral failing rather than a health problem, which led to an emphasis on punishment rather than …Jan 28, 2016 · Research guided by the brain disease model of addiction has led to the development of more effective methods of prevention and treatment and to more informed public health policies. Alcohol is the most commonly used substance among adolescents, with 64% of 18 year olds endorsing lifetime alcohol use, followed by marijuana (45%) and cigarette use (31%) ( Johnston et al., 2017 ). Overall, rates of adolescent substance use have remained relatively stable over the past several years, with a few notable exceptions.Dec 24, 2023 · Journal overview. Since being founded in 1993, Addiction Research and Theory has been the leading outlet for research and theoretical contributions that view addictive behaviour as arising from psychological processes within the individual and the social context in which the behaviour takes place as much as from the biological effects of the ... .

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